Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), was an Italian cosmologist, physicist, specialist, logician, and mathematician who assumed a noteworthy part in the investigative transformation amid the Renaissance. Galileo has been known as the "father of observational stargazing", the "father of present day physics",and the "father of science". His commitments to observational cosmology incorporate the telescopic affirmation of the periods of Venus, the disclosure of the four biggest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honor), and the perception and examination of sunspots. Galileo likewise worked in connected science and innovation, concocting an enhanced military compass and different instruments. 

Galileo's championing of heliocentrism and Copernicanism was dubious inside his lifetime, when most subscribed to either geocentrism or the Tychonic framework. He met with restriction from cosmologists, who questioned heliocentrism because of the nonappearance of a watched stellar parallax. The matter was explored by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, and they reasoned that it must be upheld as a probability, not as a set up reality. Galileo later guarded his perspectives in Dialog Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which seemed to assault Pope Urban VIII and in this manner estranged him and the Jesuits, who had both bolstered Galileo up until this point. He was attempted by the Inquisition, discovered "intensely suspect of blasphemy", compelled to retract, and spent whatever is left of his life under house capture. It was while Galileo was under house capture that he thought of one of his most surely understood works, Two New Sciences. Here he abridged the work he had done somewhere in the range of forty years prior, on the two sciences now called kinematics and quality of materials.