Ethical issues with stem cells => http://untinodus.nnmcloud.ru/d?s=YToyOntzOjc6InJlZmVyZXIiO3M6MjE6Imh0dHA6Ly9iaXRiaW4uaXQyX2RsLyI7czozOiJrZXkiO3M6MzA6IkV0aGljYWwgaXNzdWVzIHdpdGggc3RlbSBjZWxscyI7fQ== Whatever benefit the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells has in generating immunocompatible tissue, this benefit is likely to be possible only at the cost of having to engage in either the morally contentious practice of human therapeutic cloning, or the morally contentious practice of using and destroying a large number of embryos to create a sufficient range of embryonic stem cell lines for organ banks. When reading this article, I was mortified to read about cloning a cell to grow a fetus into order to grow a liver for the patient. Disease-in-a-Dish: The Promise of Embryonic Stem Cells Embryonic stem cells are necessary for several aims of scientific and biomedical research. According to this view, an embryo has interests and rights that must be respected. Governments around the globe have passed legislation to regulate stem cell research. Should they remain in the freezer indefinitely? We should not be playing around with conception via tubes to begin with. Every year fertility clinics create many blastula that are destroyed because they are made in surplus. The licensee has exclusive rights to distribute this article, in any medium, for 12 months following its publication. Such as I am not for using aborted fetuses for it, because that fetus had brain function and it could feel. Instead, the decision to discard the embryos causes their death; research just causes the manner of their death Green 2002. Participants in phase I studies need to understand that the intervention has never been tried before in humans for the specific condition, that researchers do not know whether it will work as hoped, and that the great majority of participants in phase I studies do not receive a direct benefit. Ethical and Safety Issues of Stem Cell-Based Therapy. The evolution of policy issues in stem cell research: an international survey. Ethical Issues - Stojkovic M, Stojkovic P, Leary C. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15 1 :36-45. University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research; 2. University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Genetics; 3. University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Ethical issues with stem cells of Medical Sciences, Department of Histology and Embryology; 4. Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Ethical and Safety Issues of Stem Cell-Based Therapy. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15 1 :36-45. Available from Abstract Results obtained from completed and on-going clinical studies indicate huge therapeutic potential of stem cell-based therapy in the treatment of degenerative, autoimmune and genetic disorders. However, clinical application of stem cells raises numerous ethical and safety concerns. In this review, we provide an overview of the most important ethical issues in stem cell therapy, as a contribution to the controversial debate about their clinical usage in regenerative and transplantation medicine. This review offers stem cell scientists, clinicians and patient's useful information and could be used as a starting point for more in-depth analysis of ethical and safety issues related to clinical application of stem cells. Keywords: embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, stem cell-based therapy. Introduction Stem cells have raised tremendous expectations among the medical doctors, researchers, patients, and the general public due to their capacity to differentiate into a broad range ethical issues with stem cells cell types. Stem cell researchers are engaged in different endeavors, including treating genetic disorders and generating new stem cell-derived human tissues and biomaterials for use in pharmacy genomics and regenerative medicine. However, clinical application of stem cells raises some ethical and safety concerns. In this review we provide an overview of the most important ethical issues in stem cell research and therapy, as a contribution to the debate about their clinical use in regenerative and transplantation medicine. Our hope is that stem cell scientists and clinicians will use the information presented herein as a starting point for more in-depth analysis of ethical and safety issues related to clinical translation of stem cells since controversial regulation and application of stem cell therapy has been falsely celebrated not only in countries with lax medical regulations but also in many developed countries. These cells are pluripotent, meaning they can differentiate into cells from all three germ layers ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Click on the image to enlarge. The fundamental question is: Whether it is morally acceptable to pursue novel therapies for curing illnesses at the expense of destroying an early human embryo. This debate brings out individual opinions so deeply rooted in basic moral beliefs that developing a definitive policy acceptable to everyone ethical issues with stem cells unlikely. This raises a cautionary flag and suggests that even committed progenitors can proliferate excessively after transplantation, a problem that may be solved by improving purification methods. During one year follow-up period, serious safety issues related to the transplanted cells such as: adverse proliferation, tumorigenicity, ectopic tissue formation, was not observed. Genetic mutations can be corrected by gene targeting approaches before or after reprogramming. Two types of methods for the delivery of reprogramming factors into the somatic cells can be used: integrating viral vector systems and non-integrating methods. Click on the image to enlarge. Click on the image to enlarge. These were mixed with blood plasma containing large numbers of platelets and injected into the women's eyes. Although, usually experimental eye procedures are tested on one eye first so that if something goes wrong the patient is still able to see with the other eye, in this trial both eyes were treated at once which, at the end, resulted with complete blindness in these patients. Competing Interests The authors have declared that no competing interest exists. Volarevic V, Ljujic B, Stojkovic P. Human stem cell research and regenerative medicine: present and future. Stem cell-based therapy for spinal cord injury. Embryo-derived stem cells: of mice and men. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. Zhang X, Stojkovic P, Przyborski S. 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Stem cell-based treatments for Type 1 diabetes mellitus: bone marrow, embryonic, hepatic, pancreatic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Transplantation of undifferentiated murine embryonic stem cells in the heart: teratoma formation and immune response. Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to clinically relevant populations: lessons from embryonic development. Pancreatic endoderm derived from human embryonic stem cells generates glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells in vivo. Teratoma formation by human embryonic stem cells is site dependent and enhanced by the presence of Matrigel. Formation of human myocardium in the rat heart from human embryonic stem cells. Treatment of macular degeneration using embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigmentepithelium: preliminary results in Asian patients. Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris. The significance of induced pluripotent stem cells for basic research and clinical therapy. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Neurons derived from reprogrammed fibroblasts functionally integrate into the fetal brain and improve symptoms of rats with Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Progress toward the clinical application of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells. Yoshihara M, Hayashizaki Y, Murakawa Y. Somatic coding mutations in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Elevated coding mutation rate during the reprogramming of human somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. Bock C, Kiskinis E, Verstappen G. Mandai M, Watanabe A, Kurimoto Y. Autologous Induced Stem-Cell-Derived Retinal Cells ethical issues with stem cells Macular Degeneration. Molecules that promote or enhance reprogramming of somatic ethical issues with stem cells to induced pluripotent stem cells. Stadtfeld M, Nagaya M, Utikal J. Induced pluripotent stem cells generated without viral integration. Okita K, Nakagawa M, Hyenjong H. Generation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells without viral vectors. Soldner F, Hockemeyer D, Beard C. Parkinson's disease patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells free of viral reprogramming factors. Progress in understanding reprogramming to the induced pluripotent state. Volarevic V, Al-Qahtani A, Arsenijevic N. Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society ethical issues with stem cells Cellular Therapy position statement. Multilineagepotential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Percutaneous transplantation of human umbilical cord blood-derived multipotent stem cells in a canine model of spinal cord injury. Transplantation of umbilical cord blood stem cells for treating spinal cord injury. Fibroblast growth factor-4 and hepatocyte growth factor induce differentiation of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells into hepatocytes. Gebler A, Zabel O, Seliger B. The immunomodulatory capacity of mesenchymal stem cells. Li W, Ren G, Huang Y. Mesenchymal stem cells: a double-edged sword in regulating immune responses. Morandi F, Raffaghello L, Bianchi G. Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in the treatment of fistulising Crohn's disease. Allogeneic Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Promote Healing of Refractory Perianal Fistulas in Patients With Crohn's Disease. Autologous adipose tissue-derived stem cells treatment demonstrated favorable and sustainable therapeutic effect for Crohn's fistula. Autologous adipose tissue-derived stem cells for the treatment of Crohn's fistula: a phase I clinical study. Panés J, García-Olmo D, Van Assche G. Autologous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cell treatment for refractory luminal Crohn's disease: results of a phase I study. Dhere T, Copland I, Garcia M. The safety of autologous and metabolically fit bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells in medically refractory Crohn's disease - a phase 1 trial with three doses. A Study to Investigate the Safety and Possible Clinical Benefit of Multistem® in Patients with Moderate to Severe UlcerativeColitis. Gazdic M, Volarevic V, Arsenijevic N, Stojkovic M. Mesenchymal stem cells: a friend or foe in immune-mediated diseases. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of patients with end-stage liver cell failure injected with bone marrow-derived hepatocyte-like cells. Autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in liver failure patients caused by hepatitis B: shortterm and long-term outcomes. Short-term evaluation of autologous transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in patients with cirrhosis: Egyptian study. Zhang Z, Lin H, Shi M. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells improve liver function and ascites in decompensated liver cirrhosis patients. Shi M, Zhang Z, Xu R. Human mesenchymal stem cell transfusion is safe and improves liver function in acuteon-chronic liver failure patients. Effect on left ventricular function of intracoronary transplantation of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Bartunek J, Behfar A, Dolatabadi D. Electrophysiological effects of intracoronary transplantation of autologous mesenchymal and endothelial progenitor cells. Direct intramyocardial mesenchymal stromal cell injections in patients with severe refractory angina: one-year follow-up. Breitbach M, Bostani T, Roell W. Potential risks of bone marrow cell transplantation into infarcted hearts. Unexpected severe calcification after transplantation of bone marrow cells in acute myocardial infarction. Concise review: adult multipotent stromal cells and cancer: risk or benefit?. Wang X, Zhang Z, Yao C. Survivin is upregulated in myeloma cell lines cocultured with mesenchymal stem cells. Ljujic B, Milovanovic M, Volarevic V. Human mesenchymal stem cells creating an immunosuppressive environment and promote breast cancer in mice. Oswald J, Boxberger S, Jørgensen B. Mesenchymal stem cells can be differentiated into endothelial cells in vitro. Janeczek Portalska K, Leferink A, Groen N. Endothelial differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells. Human mesenchymal stem cells exert potent antitumorigenic effects in a model of Kaposi's sarcoma. Vladislav Volarevic, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia. Phone: +38134306800; fax: +38134306800 ext. E-mail: drvolareviccom Received 2017-6-28 Accepted 2017-10-11 Published 2018-1-1.