For other uses, see. It is the official language of , the territory of , and one of the three official languages of. In addition, it is a recognized minority language in where it is spoken by the relative majority of the population, as well as in , , , , , and the. This article contains phonetic symbols. Without proper , you may see instead of characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see. Standard Serbian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, more specifically on and , which is also the basis of , , and. The other dialect spoken by Serbs is in southeastern Serbia, which is transitional to and. Serbian is practically the only European standard language whose speakers are fully functionally , using both and alphabets. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist , who created the alphabet on principles. The Latin alphabet was designed by Croatian linguist in 1830. See also: Serbian is a standardized variety of , a , of the subgroup. Other standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian are , , and. It has lower intelligibility with the Eastern South Slavic languages and , than with Slovene is part of the Western South Slavic subgroup, but there are still significant differences in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation to the standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian, although it is closer to the and of Serbo-Croatian. Amid opposition from pro-Serbian parties, the was made the sole official language of the country, and Serbian was given the status of a recognised minority language along with Bosnian, , and Croatian. According to the 2011 Montenegrin census, 42. Main articles: , , and Standard Serbian language uses both ћирилица, ćirilica and latinica, латиница. Serbian is a rare example of synchronic , a situation where all literate members of a society have two interchangeable writing systems available to them. Media and publishers typically select one alphabet or another. Although Serbian language authorities have recognized the official status of both scripts in contemporary Standard Serbian for more than half of a century now, due to historical reasons, the Cyrillic script was made the of Serbia's administration by the 2006. However, the law does not regulate scripts in , or standard language itself by any means, leaving the choice of script as a matter of personal preference and to the free will in all aspects of life publishing, media, trade and commerce, etc. In media, the public broadcaster, , predominantly uses the Cyrillic script whereas the privately run broadcasters, like , predominantly use the Latin script. Newspapers are found in both scripts. Outdoor signage, including road signs and commercial displays, predominately uses the Latin alphabet. Larger signs, especially those put up by the government, will often feature both alphabets. A survey from 2014 showed that 47% of the Serbian population favors the Latin alphabet whereas 36% favors the Cyrillic one. Latin script has become more and more popular in Serbia, as it is easier to input on phones and computers. Into each of these declensional types may fall nouns of any of three : masculine, feminine or neuter. Pronouns Pronouns, when used, are inflected along the same case and number morphology as nouns. Serbian is a , meaning that pronouns may be omitted from a sentence when their meaning is easily inferred from the text. In cases where pronouns may be dropped, they may also be used to add emphasis. For example: Serbian English equivalent Kako si? A kako si ti? And how are you? Adjectives Adjectives in Serbian may be placed before or after the noun they modify, but must agree in number, gender and case with the modified noun. Verbs Serbian verbs are conjugated in four past forms—, , , and —of which the last two have a very limited use imperfect is still used in some dialects, but the majority of native Serbian speakers consider it archaic , one also known as the first future tense, as opposed to the second future tense or the future exact, which is considered a tense of the by some contemporary linguists , and one. These are the tenses of the mood. Apart from the indicative mood, there is also the. The conditional mood has two more tenses: the first conditional commonly used in conditional clauses, both for possible and impossible conditional clauses and the second conditional without use in the spoken language—it should be used for impossible conditional clauses. Serbian has active and passive. As for the non-finite verb forms, Serbian has one , two the active and the passive , and two the present and the past. The Gospel of Miroslav , a , ca. Little medieval literature has been preserved, but what there is shows that it was in accord with its time; for example, Serbian Alexandride, a book about , and a translation of into Serbian. Although not belonging to the literature proper, the corpus of Serbian literacy in the 14th and 15th centuries contains numerous legal, commercial and administrative texts with marked presence of Serbian vernacular juxtaposed on the matrix of Serbian. In the mid-15th century, Serbia was conquered by the and for the next 400 years there was no opportunity for the creation of secular written literature. However, some of the greatest literary works in Serbian come from this time, in the form of oral literature, the most notable form being. By the end of the 18th century, the written literature had become estranged from the spoken language. In the second half of the 18th century, the new language appeared, called. This artificial idiom superseded the works of poets and historians like Gavrilo Stefanović Venclović, who wrote in essentially modern Serbian in the 1720s. These vernacular compositions have remained cloistered from the general public and received due attention only with the advent of modern literary historians and writers like. In the early 19th century, promoted the of the people as a literary norm. You can help by. June 2008 's , first published in 1818, is the earliest dictionary of modern literary Serbian. The Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika I—XXIII , published by the from 1880 to 1976, is the only general historical dictionary of Serbo-Croatian. Its first editor was , followed by and the famous Vukovian. The sources of this dictionary are, especially in the first volumes, mainly. There are older, pre-standard dictionaries, such as the. Starting with 1959, 16 volumes were published, about 40 are expected. Works of Croatian authors are excerpted, if published before 1991. Several volume dictionaries were published in Croatia for the Croatian language since the 1990s Anić, Enciklopedijski rječnik, Hrvatski rječnik. There is also a new monumental Etymological Dictionary of Serbian. So far, two volumes have been published: I with words on A- , and II Ba-Bd. There are specialized etymological dictionaries for German, Italian, Croatian, Turkish, Greek, Hungarian, Russian, English and other loanwords cf. Cetinje — Titograd, 1981. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Government of Czech Republic. PDF from the original on 2016-03-15. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Fortson IV, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd ed. PDF from the original on 2011-07-27. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Retrieved 27 April 2018. Rotulus Universitas in Serbo-Croatian. PDF from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2015. PDF from the original on 2014-04-01. Retrieved December 17, 2011. Department of Immigration and Border Protection. PDF from the original on 2014-07-14. PDF from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved July 8, 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 27 April 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018. Colloquial Serbian: The Complete Course for Beginners. Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva. Language and identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its disintegration. Narodna Biblioteka SR Srbije. The history of Serbian Culture. Srpski narod i njegov jezik. Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga. Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga. Srpski jezik i srpski jezici. Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike. Gramatika srpskoga jezika: priručnik za poznavanje srpskog književnog jezika. Beograd: Institut za srpski jezik SANU, Beogradska knjiga, Matica srpska. Novi Sad: Матица српска. From standard Serbian through standard Serbo-Croatian to standard Serbian. From Serbo-Croatian to Serbian. Институт за српски језик САНУ. Srpski Jezik in German. Retrieved 4 April 2015. Srpsko Pitanje I Srbistika: 255—262. Opole: Uniwersytet Opolski—Instytut Filologii Polskiej. Clement, the Bishop of the Slavs, to St. International Journal of Slavic Studies.
