Municipal incorporation
A grainy, black and white photograph showing several single story buildings next to a dirt road. Several homes and other buildings stretch toward the mountains in the distance. A chimney is seen in the foreground.
Photograph of a street near downtown Tucson, taken in 1880. Incorporated in 1877, Tucson is Arizona's oldest city.
The Arizona Constitution has, since its ratification in 1912, allowed for the creation of municipal corporations in any community with a population of 3,500 or greater.[2] According to the constitution, a municipal charter cannot be created by special laws or by the legislature, but rather by the communities themselves as provided by general law.[3] The population limit specified by the constitution was lowered by state law to a minimum of population of 1,500 for most locations, and further reduced to 500 for communities located within 10 miles (16 km) of a national park or national monument.[4] State law further restricts the incorporation of new municipalities within urbanized areas, which are defined as a specific buffer zone surrounding existing cities and towns.[5]
State law allows for the incorporation of a community as either a city or a town; the only additional requirement to incorporate as a city is a minimum population of 3,000.[6] Cities and towns in Arizona function largely in an identical manner, but cities are provided with additional powers that a town charter does not provide, limited primarily to certain powers regarding the regulation of utilities and construction within the city limits.[7] State law allows adjoining towns to merge and it allows a city to annex a town, but it does not allow cities to merge.[8][9] Additionally, a town may change its form of government to a city upon reaching the minimum population of 3,000.[10] There are, however, large communities that have remained incorporated as a town in spite of attaining a large population; Gilbert, with more than 200,000 residents, remains incorporated as a town.
