East Turkestan : شەرقىي تۈركىستان, Шәрқий Түркистан, Shərqiy Türkistan also known as Eastern Turkistan, Uyghurstan, Uyghuristan is a political term with multiple meanings depending on context and usage. Historically, the term was invented by like Nikita Bichurin in the 19th century to replace the term Chinese Turkestan, which referred to the in the southwestern part of province of the. They reject the name of Xinjiang because of an allegedly Chinese perspective reflected in the name and prefer East Turkestan to emphasize connection to other westerly groups. However, even in nationalist writing, East Turkestan retained its older, more narrow geographical meaning. In China, the term has negative connotations because of its origins in and present use by militant groups. The government of China actively discourages its use. Uyghurs in Turfan requested that the Qing dynasty free them from Dzungar rule. The Qing dynasty allied with Muslim ruler , destroyed the , which held dominion over Eastern Turkestan. In general, most of the for places in —although its boundaries and Xinjiang's inclusion in it are disputed—do not reflect the region's diversity. For separatists, East Turkestan is coterminous with , or the independent state that in Xinjiang. Other scholars defend the name, noting that Xinjiang was new to the late , which gave Xinjiang its current name. Since the Han, successive Chinese governments had to deal with secessionist movements and local rebellions from different peoples in the region. However, the terms for West Tujue and East Tujue do not have any relation with the terms West and East Turkestan. For those Arab writers, the Turks were , and not the sedentary dwellers. During the sixteenth century, the completed the and of western Xinjiang and the surrounding region, known then as , while China's. In 1755, the defeated the Mongol and captured two territories in Xinjiang. Qing-era depicting a Chinese campaign against 's forces in Xinjiang, 1828 At the same time as the Chinese consolidation of control in Xinjiang, explorers from the and empires explored, mapped, and delineated in. Between 1851 and 1881, Russia occupied the in Xinjiang, and continued to negotiate with the Qing for trading and settlement rights for Russians. It is at this time that Western writers began to divide Turkestan into a Russian and a Chinese part. Early 20th century The First ETR 1933 existed around ; the second ETR 1944—1949 around In 1912, a overthrew the Qing Dynasty and created a. In 1921, the officially defined the as the sedentary from Chinese Turkestan as part of their. The First ETR gave political meaning to the erstwhile geographical term of East Turkestan. Local British and American , also intrigued by the separatist government, published their own histories of the region. The Soviet Uyghur histories produced during its support of the ETR remain the basis of Uyghur nationalist publications today. The infidels who are usurping our countries have announced war against Islam and Muslims, forcing Muslims to abandon Islam and change their beliefs. According to one definition of East Turkestan, the mountain system separates East Turkestan from in Xinjiang At the end of the in 1949, with Xinjiang divided between Kuomintang forces and ETR secessionists, the Communist leadership to surrender and accept the succession of the People's Republic of China government, and negotiated the establishment of Communist provincial governments in Ghulja and Dihua. Occasionally, he used East Turkestan and Xinjiang interchangeably. Soviet historiography spawned the rendering of Uyghur history found in Uyghurlar. The global trends set by the in the 1990s, and the rise of global and revived separatist sentiments in Xinjiang and led to a wave of political violence that killed 162 people between 1990 and 2001. Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. The End of Nomadism? Society, State, and the Environment in Inner Asia. Situating the Uyghurs between China and Central Asia. The group may be allied with the East Turkestan Islamic Movement — designated a terrorist organisation by the US, China and several other countries — which seeks independence for the Muslim Uighur people of China's far west province of Xinjiang, which Uighur separatists call East Turkestan. The New York Times. Many Uighurs call Xinjiang their homeland, and some want an independent state there called East Turkestan. Sinicization Beyond the Great Wall: China's Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. The desired outcome by groups that use violence is, broadly speaking, a separate Uyghur state, called either Uyghuristan or Eastern Turkistan, which lays claim to a large part of China.... Deterrence Theory and Chinese Behavior. Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880-1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur. China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly. Archived from PDF on 2011-01-06. Peace, Conflict, and Development 5 : 9, 17. Sin-tsiang is made up of the Tarim basin or Chinese Eastern Turkestan and Zungaria. The former is a desert with marginal oases where rivers descend from the mountains. The chief centres are Yarkand and Kashgar. Zungaria is a relatively low and fertile steppe land, leading from the low-lands of Southern Siberia to the Mongolian plateau. Eurasian Crossroads:A History of Xinjiang. Central Asia: Views from Washington, Moscow, and Beijing. Murderers in Mausoleums: Riding the Back Roads of Empire Between Moscow and Beijing. Russia, whether or not it had designs on India, was expanding throughout Central Asia and saw no reason that Xinjiang should not belong to the tsar as did other Central Asian lands to the west. Central Asia: An Outline History. Strictly speaking, 'Russian Turkestan' as a political term was limited only to the territory of the governorate-general of Turkestan and did not include... Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. Stein repeatedly crossed 18,000-foot passes, settling down to work in the deserts of Chinese Turkestan. It took 182 packing cases to hold the finds of his third expedition 1913-16 to the region he preferred calling Serindia, from the Greek word for China, Seres, meaning silkworm. The Chinese rule Sinkiang. Every now and then 1970, 1932 they have to contend with a rebellion of the Moslem masses, usually led by Chinese-speaking Moslems. Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest. Archived from PDF on March 4, 2016. The Encyclopaedia of Islam new ed. USAK Yearbook of International Politics and Law. A Class-Book of Modern Geography. Zungaria includes the wild and desolate region between the Thian-Shan and the Altai Mountains, and is bounded by Eastern Turkestan on the south, and by Russian Central Asia on the west. Canadian Association of Slavists. One may say that this 'personal union' of the Uighur scholar and the Soviet propagandist once more illustrates the intense interdependence of the status of the Soviet Uighurs and their role in Soviet Policy. Strategic Interests in the Middle East: Opposition and Support for US Foreign Policy. Turkey Today: A European Country?.
