Besides these, there are three more medieval commentaries written by unknown authors. Linguist is certain that Tirukkuṛaḷ elements not belong to the period, and dates it to somewhere between 450 and 500 CE. The commentaries by Thirumalaiyar and Mallar are lost. Modern composers who have tuned the Kural couplets include and. In essence, however, in Chapter 33 he crowns non-killing as the foremost of all elements, pushing even the virtue of veracity to the second place Kural 323. At present, the Kural has been translated into 37 languages. Besides these inherent difficulties in translating the Kural, some scholars have attempted to either read their own ideas into the Kural couplets or deliberately fub the message to make it conform to their preconceived notions. Chennai: Navalar Nedunchezhiyan Kalvi Arakkattalai. The Tamil inscription on conception date meaning in tamil grave makes note of his commentary of Thirukkural. The text has been dated variously from 300 BCE to 7th century CE. The three parts that the Kural is prime into, namely, aram virtueporul wealth and inbam loveaiming at attaining veedu ultimate salvationfollow, respectively, the four foundations of Hinduism, namely, and. Conception is the first step in the development of a new human orother organism that uses sexual reproduction that involves thefusion of custodes haploid cells, sex cells.
For other uses, see. The Tirukkural : திருக்குறள், literally Sacred Verses , or shortly the Kural, is a classic text consisting of 1,330 couplets or , dealing with the everyday virtues of an individual. It is one of the two oldest works now extant in in their entirety, the other being the. Considered one of the greatest works ever written on ethics and morality, chiefly , it is known for its universality and non-denominational nature. It was authored by , also known in full as Thiruvalluvar. The text has been dated variously from 300 BCE to 7th century CE. The traditional accounts describe it as the last work of the third , but linguistic analysis suggests a later date of 450 to 500 CE. The work is commonly quoted in vegetarian conferences, both in and abroad. The Kural has influenced several scholars across the ethical, social, political, economical, religious, philosophical, and spiritual spheres. Authors influenced by the Kural include , , , , , , , , , and , many of whom have translated the work into their languages. Translated into at least 40 languages as of 2014, the Kural is one of the in the world. Because the life, culture and ethics of the are considered to be solely defined in terms of the values set by the Kural, the government and the people of alike uphold the text with utmost reverence. Along with the , the Kural is a prime candidate nominated to be the national book of India, for which a declaration was passed at the Tamil Nadu Assembly in 2006. Main article: The term Tirukkural is a compound word made of two individual terms, tiru and kural. Remaining nameless for several years after its writing, the work came to be referred to by various names in the centuries that followed. Nine traditional names had already been in use to refer to the book during the time of writing of the , a eulogy written on the Kural by various poets between the 1st and 11th centuries CE. Nevertheless, the title Muppāl remained the work's primary name until the 13th century CE. It is estimated that the Kural has historically been known by as many as 44 names given at various periods over the millennia, making it one of the numerously titled works. The Kural is structured into 133 chapters, each containing 10 couplets or kurals , for a total of 1,330 couplets. A cir is a single or a combination of more than one Tamil word. For example, the term Thirukkural is a cir formed by combining the two words thiru and kuṛaḷ. The book on Aṟam virtue contains 380 verses, that of Poruḷ wealth has 700 and that of Inbam love has 250. The overall organisation of the Kural text is based on seven ideals prescribed for a commoner besides observations of love. This includes 40 couplets on God, rain, ascetics, and virtue; 200 on domestic virtue; 140 on higher yet most fundamental virtue based on grace, benevolence and compassion; 250 on royalty; 100 on ministers of state; 220 on essential requirements of administration; 130 on morality, both positive and negative; and 250 on human love and passion. The couplets are generally numbered in a linear fashion across the three books, covering all the 1,330 couplets. They can also be denoted by their chapter number and couplet number within the chapter. Thus, the third couplet in Chapter 104 Agriculture , for instance, can be numbered either as 1033 or, less commonly, as 104:3. The Pleasures of 'Temporary Variance' ஊடலுவகை ūṭaluvakai : 1321—1330 Main article: The Kural has been dated variously from 300 BCE to 7th century CE. According to traditional accounts, it was the last work of the third , and was subjected to a divine test which it passed. The scholars who believe this tradition, such as Somasundara Bharathiar and M Rajamanickam, date the text to as early as 300 BCE. Historian assigned it to the early 1st century CE. Linguist is certain that Tirukkuṛaḷ does not belong to the period, and dates it to somewhere between 450 and 500 CE. His estimate is based on the language of the text, its allusions to the earlier works, and its borrowing from some Sanskrit treatises. Zvelebil notes that the text features several grammatical innovations, that are absent in the older Sangam literature. The text also features a higher number of compared to these older texts. Zvelebil disagrees with this assessment, pointing out that some of the words that Pillai believed to be Sanskrit loan words have now been proved to be of origin by and. In the face of incessant debate on the precise date, taking the latest of the estimated dates, the officially declared 31 BCE as the year of Valluvar, as suggested by , on 18 January 1935, adding Valluvar Year to the calendar. In his work The Smile of Murugan, Scholar cites a tradition suggesting he was an outcaste by birth, the issue of a union between a Brahmin man and a Pariah woman. Some think that he was a weaver by caste. He is believed to have been born in the temple town of , a locality within the present-day , and is said to be a simple weaver by profession who wrot
