Is this better than taking notes with pen and paper? Christopher Bailey lecturing, Geology 101, College of William and Mary. It was a giant, Windows 95 tower PC a P120 with 16MB of RAM. Laptops were not common, and no one used anything but pen and paper to take notes during class lectures. Forward to today, and laptops and tablets are virtually ubiquitous in college classrooms. I love taking notes with my laptop in meetings and at conferences. I would have loved to use a laptop during class lectures except for the math and science classes that required writing a lot of equations. I was intrigued that this story was challenging my own experience. The more I think about it, though, the issue of whether handwritten notes are better than typed is not that simple. How taking notes helps learning Research suggests two main ways that taking notes helps learning. The external-storage hypothesis says that being able to reread notes, even if taken by someone else, helps students to learn the lecture material. The encoding hypothesis argues that learning and retention are enhanced by the cognitive work the brain has to do when taking notes. Because the brain has to make sense of all the incoming information before deciding what to write down, students learn the material, even if they never review the notes. Types of note-taking There are two kinds of note-taking: generative and nongenerative. Nongenerative note-taking occurs when students write down word for word what they hear. Research indicates that relatively little cognitive effort happens when students try to write everything down. This transcription mode of note-taking affords them little time to make conceptual connections. Nor can they separate the wheat from the chaff and determine which information is more important to write down. Generative note-taking is more interpretive. They might miss a few details here and there, but they will have a much better grasp of the big picture. Psychology study: three experiments In this published in 2014, psychologists at Princeton and UCLA tested how well college students remembered information from lecture videos when taking handwritten and typed notes. When recalling simple, straightforward facts, students who typed notes on their laptops did just as well as those who took paper notes. However, the laptop users were unable to resist typing everything they heard. As in the first study, the laptop users were unable to match the conceptual understanding achieved by handwritten note-takers. Then, in a third study, students were given a chance to review their notes right before the test, one week after the lecture. The idea was that, because the typing students could record more information, they would benefit from being able to study their notes. However, the handwriters still performed better than their laptop counterparts. In short, the psychologists showed that students learn better when they handwrite their notes instead of typing them. Because handwriting is slower than typing, students taking written notes must think more about what they are writing. They have to filter out less important information, as well as put incoming information in context with that from earlier in the lecture. That cognitive processing helps the learning to stick. When you factor in the distraction potential that laptops bring web browsing, social media, videos, etc. In fact, I believe there are a lot of benefits to typing notes. The sooner they review, the better they will be able to remember information that they were unable to write down during the lecture. This Venn diagram points out the effects of note-taking on learning. Regardless of the tool, revisiting and adding to your notes solidifies the learning. Then expand the notes and make connections by adding related thoughts and ideas from assigned reading and previous lectures. Create mind maps to visualize information from the lecture. This additional processing will help the brain retain everything much better as well as help students gain additional insight. Laptops help with review This is where I believe taking notes with a laptop has a big advantage over handwriting. The authors of the study above acknowledge that the more notes you take, typing or longhand, the better. But only up to a point. The advantage disappears when the notes amount to little more than a mindless transcription of the lecture. However, if students have the discipline to regularly review their notes, they can afford to take nongenerative notes. They will then have more raw information available to them during the review. If the review is rigorous, then the mindless, nongenerative notes become cognitively rich, generative notes that cement the material into long term memory. The choice boils down to whether to engage your mind during the note-taking, or later during the review. A solid, in-depth review of notes will help offset the downsides of taking notes on a computer. Why not take notes with pen and paper and then transcribe them on a computer while adding additional thoughts and notes along the way? Though more time consuming, it might be the most efficient way to internalize the information and build deeper understanding it. This analog to digital conversion also has another advantage: archiving and recall. Finding information in digital notes is much easier than with paper notes. Simple text-based searches can save huge amounts of time. And visualization tools like can help students discover new relationships between information and concepts. Making simple visualizations on the fly, like Venn diagrams and mind maps, can be difficult on a computer. Though touchscreen-based laptops and keyboard-equipped tablets with apps like are making this easier. Going further, it might be a good idea to go the other way—print out typed notes and augment them by hand. This helps eliminate internet-based distractions, assuming the phone is put away, of course. Online lectures One thing to note is that more and more videos of lectures are being made available online. Knowing that they can access lecture videos and slides after class can make it less stressful for students to take notes during the live lecture. They can relax, confident in their ability to go back and fill in anything they missed. Dealing with distractions One potential downside of laptops is that they do offer enticing distractions. At the risk of sounding flippant, though, students who graduate and and go on to use computers at work are also subject to the same distractions. At some point we have to help students learn good technology habits, and resist the temptations of email, social media, games, etc. And just like workplaces can restrict internet access, most schools have that ability as well. I also think that we have to be careful about blaming students for becoming distracted. We could also get into why we are still lecturing? Teachers are no longer the sole repositories of information. Much of that role can be offloaded the internet. There are many meaningful ways for students to learn in the classroom, and so on and on again, another subject for another time. The bottomline In a vacuum, handwritten notes appear to be superior to typewritten notes that are taken during the lecture. If nothing more happens after the lecture with those notes, the students who use pen and paper will have a better understanding of the material. However, this effect will evaporate when students conscientiously review and augment their notes one or more times after the lecture. Are laptops more helpful or hurtful in your classroom? Please let us know in the comments. I would expect it to be similar to real paper and pen because writing with the Apple Pencil is probably just as slow, so the brain has to work harder to filter out the most important information. However, the kinesthetic feedback from turning real pages of paper might also influence memory and learning, so iPads would be at a disadvantage there. That said, reviewing and adding to notes is probably way more important than the method of recording notes. Have you or anyone else had any experience with Apple Pencil or any other tablet styli?
