The moral culture of the individual is a characteristic of the moral development of the individual, which reflects the degree of mastery of the moral experience of society, the ability to consistently implement values, norms and principles in behavior and relations with other people, and the readiness for constant self-improvement. Moral culture acts as a complex program that includes the mastered experience of mankind, which helps to act morally in traditional situations, as well as creative elements of consciousness, such as moral reason, intuition, contributing to the adoption of moral decisions in problem situations.
The personality accumulates in his consciousness and behavior the achievements of the moral culture of society. Hence, the moral culture of the individual is the degree of the individual's perception of the moral consciousness and culture of society, an indicator of how deeply and organically the requirements of morality have been embodied in a person's actions due to the formative influence of society on him.
The task of forming a moral culture of a person is to achieve an optimal combination of traditions and innovations, to combine the specific experience of a person and all the wealth of public morality.
1. Moral culture of the individual. Theory
The moral culture of society is concretized and personalized primarily in the moral culture of the individual. It is a set and measure of the development of moral consciousness and worldview, moral qualities, the completeness and sequence of their manifestation in self-regulation, in behavior, communication and activities of the individual.
The structure of a person's moral culture is made up of:
a) the development of moral consciousness (moral knowledge about good; honor, etc .; moral feelings and emotions, moral will, moral values);
b) the development of a moral worldview (moral ideals, norms and principles, moral orientations and interests, convictions and beliefs);
c) perfection of moral qualities (philanthropy, respect for people, compassion, sympathy, justice, conscience, kindness, honesty, dignity, sense and understanding of duty, responsibility, etc.);
d) consistent manifestation of moral qualities, observance of the norms and principles of morality.
In terms of content, the moral culture of an individual largely coincides with the moral culture of a society or group. But it can differ significantly from them in the subjectivity of comprehension and expression, the dominance of certain moral values, orientation. So, the "golden rule" of morality commands and recommends: "treat other people as you would like to treat you." It can be expressed by other judgments. But each person understands this imperative in his own way.
One transforms it only to family relationships, the other to informal interpersonal relationships, the third to professional and service relationships. There can be a lot of such options. Nevertheless, the value and meaning of this rule-norm remain, remain clear and in demand.
The difference between the moral culture of an individual and the culture of society lies in the fact that anticultural, immoral attitudes, behavior and misconduct occur primarily in the individual. Large masses of people turn to immoral acts or succumb to the influence of negatively directed leaders, or when they are driven to extreme poverty and lawlessness.
1.1 Morality
The word "morality" means in modern language about the same as morality. After all, etymologically the term "morality" goes back to the Latin word "mos" (plural "moris"), meaning "disposition", "moralis" - "moral". Another meaning of this word is law, rule, prescription. In modern philosophical literature, morality is understood as morality, a special form of social consciousness and a type of social relations; one of the main ways of regulating human actions in society with the help of norms.
Morality arises and develops on the basis of society's need to regulate people's behavior in various spheres of their lives. Morality is considered one of the most accessible ways for people to comprehend the complex processes of social life. The fundamental problem of morality is the regulation of the relationship and interests of the individual and society.
Moral ideals, principles and norms arose from people's ideas about justice, humanity, good, public good, etc. The behavior of people that corresponded to these ideas was declared moral, the opposite - immoral. In other words, what people think is in the interests of society and individuals is moral. What is most beneficial. Naturally, these ideas changed from century to century, and, moreover, they were different among representatives of different strata and groups. This is also the source of the specificity of morality among representatives of various professions. All of the above gives reason to say that morality has a historical, social-class and professional character.
The concept of "morality" is extremely ambiguous. There are several dozen specific morals, but most often morality is understood as one of the main ways of normative regulation of human actions in society, as well as a special form of social consciousness and a type of social relations.
By and large, morality is a system of values characteristic of a particular person and society at a particular moment in time. Morality, regulating human relations, relies not on the strength of state power, but on the strength of consciousness, on conviction. The term "Morality" is used as a separate moral practical instruction, moral teaching. (The moral of this fable is ...) The words "moral" and "morality" are used rather as a qualitative definition of an act, in the context of whether it is decent and worthy.
We can say that morality rests on three major foundations.
Firstly, these are the traditions of customs, mores that have developed in a given society, among a given class, social group. A person assimilates these mores, traditional norms of behavior, which are a habit, become the property of the spiritual world of the individual. They are realized in his behavior, the motives of which are formulated as follows: "it is so accepted" or "it is not accepted that way", "everyone does this", "both people and I", " grandfathers did this and we will do the same. " The importance of such motives is beyond doubt. Indeed, without mastering what is accepted or not accepted in a given society, it is impossible to understand "what is good" and "what is bad".
Secondly, morality is based on the strength of public opinion, which, with the help of approval of some actions and condemnation of others, regulates the behavior of the individual, teaches her to observe moral norms. The instruments of public opinion are, on the one hand, honor, a good name, public recognition, which are the result of a person's conscientious fulfillment of his duties, his unswerving observance of the moral norms of a given society; on the other hand, shame, shaming of a person who has violated moral norms.
Thirdly, morality is based on the consciousness of each individual person, on his understanding of the need to reconcile personal and public interests.
This determines the voluntary choice, voluntariness of behavior, which takes place when conscience becomes a solid basis for the moral behavior of a person. Its entire history speaks of the reality of the name of the three foundations of morality. This is also recorded by popular wisdom. It is not for nothing that they say about a very bad, immoral, immoral person: "No shame, no conscience." This means that public opinion does not affect him, and his conscience is undeveloped. You can't get through such a person with morality, you have to use more severe means of influence, designed for a low level of consciousness. ("Whoever does not take honor, the stick will penetrate," says one of the proverbs).
Thus, morality includes a set of norms and rules of behavior and is an important way of revealing human capabilities, the formation and establishment of a human personality.
The difficulties in studying morality are due to the fact that they are associated with very "subtle" psychological and social mechanisms. Morality arises where mental relations between people are given. But these relationships are formed at the social level, where mental experiences are associatedideas about good and evil, justice, honor, duty, conscience, happiness, etc. Naturally, animals do not and cannot have such representations in a clearly expressed form, for moral relations are mental relations of a higher social level, inherent only in humans.
Difficulties also arise when we seek to localize morality, to distinguish it from other connections and relationships. This cannot be done. The fact is that morality possesses everything penetrating ability, and is not localized in any one area: science, politics, production, family, etc. One and the same action can turn out to be moral, immoral, extramoral - it all depends on whether it expresses a person's attitude to the system of values operating in society. In general, it must be said that morality, morality or immorality do not exist by themselves, apart from the actions and actions of a person. Anyone can verbally endow himself with any qualities. Moreover, he can sincerely believe in what he is talking about. However, only an impartial analysis of the actions and deeds of this person can confirm or deny his statement.
All this must be taken into account, since not only each individual person, but also each class, social stratum and social group of society always tries to use morality for ideological purposes, adapt it to their interests, justify their way of life with it.
