NIOS DLED Assignment Course-502 Full Answer In English. Here are all the answer of dled assignment course-502. I hope this can help you through your assignment. Assignment — I Note : Answer any two of the following questions in about 500 words. Explain with suitable examples of four processes of observational learning. How does imitation help in observational learning. Learning from observation is a common and natural method of human learning. Observational learning is a type of learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating novel behavior executed by others. Observational learning is a key learning method for children when acquiring basic tasks such as language and cultural norms. According to Bandura, following are the distinct processes involved in observational learning: 1 Attention Process: We do not imitate the total behavioral of a model…. We pay attention to significant features of the behavior we want to learn. Retention can be affected by a number of factors, but the ability to pull up information later and act on it is vital to observational learning. We need to remember the things observed through some way of using symbols, understanding and organising our observations. Usually, we employ two processes for retention, i. Storing the things observed as visuals in our memory and then rehearsing as the sequence of actions mentally. Bandura 1977 suggests that the best way to learn from a model is to organize and rehearse the observed behaviour cognitively mentally with proper thinking and then act it out. For this, one needs two things. If one desires to be a batsman like Tendulkar, the basic requirement is the physical capability of a batsman. If one is too weak, no matter how perfectly one rehearses the sequences of batting of Tendulkar, one will not be able to perform because it would be difficult to lift and move the bat in the same manner. The second aspect for transforming the observed behaviour to action is to actually practice the sequence of actions. Having a perfect visual imagery and mental rehearsal of the actions will not help the observer to perform the act spontaneously. To perform effectively, repeated practice combined with continuous feedback on practice and making appropriate corrections after each practice are necessary. But often, they do not perform as and when required. In such cases, what they lack is proper motivation to act. The child is required to be motivated especially self-motivated to act. Effects of imitation in observational learning: Superficially, imitation is merely copying the behaviour of a model. There are three categories of imitative behaviour: the modelling effect, the inhibitory disinhibitory effect, and the eliciting effect, which are helpful in observational learning: 1 The modelling effect: It involves acquiring new behaviour as a result of observing a model. The dis- inhibitory effect is the opposite of it. It occurs when a child observes the model engaged in the previously learnt deviant behaviour being rewarded for it. An illustration of the eliciting effect is the mass behaviour. Sometimes, many in the crowd do not know why they behaved in the way they imitated. Nevertheless, should not expose his weaknesses to his students. Or Compare the subject-centred approach and competency-based approach. Write any two advantages and limitations of these approaches. Comparison between the subject-centred approach and competency-based approach is as follows : Subject-centred approach- This approach focuses on the delivery of the subject contents by the teacher for students to acquire, i. In most of the schools, it is a common practice. These schools follow the syllabus and textbooks both for teaching and learning. The textbook in the subject is considered as the storehouse of all the required concepts, examples and exercises that are required for the teaching-learning process. The means and methods of acquisition of the prescribed concepts may be anything. Various characteristics of subject-centered approach are as follows: 1 Real life situations are rarely taken into account while presenting the subject matters in the classroom. Competency-based approach- Competency is the essential skill, knowledge, attitude and behavior required for effective performance of a real-world task or activity. Competencies are essential skills that one needs to be a successful learner. Competency is a skill performed to a specific standard under specific conditions. It is a clearly defined and measurable activity cluster of related knowledge and skill accomplished by an individual. On the other hand, a skill is referred to a task or group of tasks performed to a specific level of proficiency, which often use motor functions and typically require the manipulation of instruments and equipment. Advantages of subject-centred approach : 1 Insistence on the students to memorize the facts by repeated reading. Limitations of subject-centred approach : 1 Real life situations are rarely taken into account while presenting the subject matters in the classroom. Advantages of competency-based approach : 1 The assessment of results can be used for further improvement of the students. Remedial coaching is helpful for the low achievers and enrichment programme for the high achievers. Since, it aims at mastery of skills by each individual, it caters to the learning needs of all categories of students. Limitations of competency-based approach : 1 As pace of learning varies from student to student, it is very difficult on the part of the teacher to help the students to achieve the competencies within the stipulated time. If the teacher is not proficient, the approach may not work. Write the characteristics of Project method. What are its advantages and limitations? Project method is based on the view that experiences lead to learning. Thus, learning through this method is relevant and meaningful; and based on interests and abilities of learners. Projects may be assigned to individuals or to groups. Following are the various characteristics of project method: 1 Activity: A teacher is required to create a learning environment where students begin to learn through self-planning, group discussion and group activities. According to Kilpatrick, this is the best method in a democracy. One has to combine the knowledge of many subjects appropriately for successful completion of the project. Integration of subjects learnt in the classroom is the basic requirement in a project work. So, students perform activities freely. Advantages of project method are as follows: 1 The student gets the scope to imbibe several social qualities like cooperation and teamwork, group affinity and sacrifice through project work. Therefore, meaningful learning is always associated with the project method. This develops selfconfidence to act and also promotes a sense of responsibilities among the students. Following are the limitations of the project method: 1 It is not always possible to employ it in all subject areas of the curriculum. Or What are the main qualities of an activity? Why memorisation is not considered as an activity? The very nature of a good activity is that it is interesting for the students to conduct and it brings a sense of achievement, provides joy, which ultimately becomes the source of intrinsic motivation for the students to go for the next activity, which might be more challenging. It is neither too easy to neglect nor too difficult to attempt for solving. It is moderately difficult which is within the capability of the students to solve but with concentration and with a little more effort. Memorization is not considered as an activity because memorization is a way of mechanical repetition which has none of the four characteristics of an activity. NIOS DLED Assignment Course-502 Full Answer In English Assignment-II Note: Answer the following questions in about 500 words. How do you plan to organise your classroom space to make it learner friendly? In a teaching-learning classroom, a teacher should manage classroom space appropriately. An organised classroom motivates students for learning. We will use this area to create a working space for students. In addition to the basics of furniture arrangement, wall space and bulletin boards, we will design a rich classroom environment. Classroom walls can be covered with many lists such as, a sign board for attendance, colour chart, list of words, songs, riddles, daily routine, different types of activities, etc. A message board can be placed in a prominent place of the classroom where we and the students can write messages to each other. We will set up a special bookshelf for storybooks, big books, comic books and reference books. Through these wall activities, students will discuss among themselves in groups and learn from each other. Many times, these wall activities also promote selflearning. A careful planning for placement of learning materials can also help in achieving these goals. We will consider the following when a we think about arranging learning materials in the classroom: a We will use boxes to keep supplies neatly organised rather than spreading them out on tables or shelves. Learning materials that students will use less maybe kept in remote areas of the room. In elementary classrooms, where the teacher teaches multiple subjects, it makes sense to have different boxes or trays for each subject. So we will make seperate space for these and will use icons or colour codes to help students for keeping their work if they are just learning how to read for example; class 1 students. Depending on the space available and the nature of the activity, we may use different sitting arrangements, e. We will keep a significant portion of the room for shelves, almirah or other furniture where we can keep a variety of TLMs. Or Describe the different approaches of categorising TLM with examples. However, possession of objects may not lead to learning. Teachers must try to show the real objects to the students while teaching, so that they get direct experience of the objects with reference to the concept they are expected to learn. But for reasons given below, it is not always possible to bring the real objects to the classroom. In teaching Environmental Studies in lower classes and Science in higher classes, many direct experiences can be given to the students for effective understanding. Children get direct experience from several objects or places existing in their immediate environment like observing real flowers, leaves, plants, insects; taking a walk in the forest and collecting useful forest products; going to different organisations like Panchayat Office, Bank, Post Office and observe their functioning; setting and maintaining an aquarium. Direct and concrete experiences help students understanding of difficult concepts. Hence, attempts ought to be made to give students as many experiences as possible. Maps, charts, pictures, models, toys, marbles, coloured sticks, flash cards, number and alphabet cards are examples of some of the most common prepared TLMs known and used by teachers. For our classroom requirements, we acquire these materials in two ways: i procuring from the market, and ii developing by ourselves or sometimes involving students. Standard TLMs like maps, globes, charts, scales, measuring tapes are usually purchased from the market. The cost of the materials varies according to their quality. Since most of these materials are manufactured and are finished products, they have better look and are comparatively more durable. Due to this, the teachers everywhere prefer them to purchase. Teachers not only purchase finished products like maps, charts, pictures, etc. But still teachers develop TLMs even when they are available in market because they cannot afford to purchase all the materials that they require and sometimes typical materials that they need in their classrooms are not readily available in the market. This may include labelled charts, some specific labelled diagrams, etc. Such typical diagrams or pictures, which teachers and their students need, may not be available in the market. Very often, they need less effort to prepare TLMs like folding a paper with a shape or a diagram or graph sketched on the board on the data brought by students. Such prepared TLMs have more relevance than the purchased readymade materials. Further, if they are involving students in developing TLMs, they might be observing their pleasure while working in such activities. What is more important is that in the process of planning and preparing the TLMs for use in the classrooms, the students are acquiring concepts with proper understanding and without the rigor of instruction or memorisation. Further, on the basis of sensory experience, the TLMs can be categorised as follows: 1 Audio Aids: These refer to the aids, which call upon the auditory senses, and thus, help the learners to learn through listening. For instance, radio, tape-recorder, audio cassette player, language laboratory, etc. The important aids under this head are Chart, Blackboard, Maps, Pictures, Models, Textbooks, Slide projector, Transparency, Flash-cards, Print materials, etc. Examples under this head include TV, Computer, VCD player, Virtual Classroom, Multimedia and other computer-assisted instruction materials. Besides these, another classification of TLMs is based on the following: 1 Projected-aids: These include movies, magic lantern, micro-projectors and projection with the overhead projectors, LCD projectors, etc. Following are the advantages of computer assisted learning in the classroom: 1 CAL is individualised, that is each student is free to work at his own place, totally unaffected by the performance of any other students. It proves useful in the study of a subject where there is hierarchy of facts and rules. Thus, students can identify the subject areas in which they have improved and in which they need improvement. Limitations of computer assisted learning in the classroom are as follows: 1 CAL packages may not fulfill expectations of teachers. Objectives and methods decided by the CAL author and of a teacher may differ. They may have fear of this new device. They may be unwilling to spend extra time for preparation, selection and use of CAL packages. It may also be perceived as a threat to their job. The problems particularly related to the physical location of the computer resources, the cost of hardware maintenance and insurance and time-tabling. If a new system is installed by a maximum number of institutions, they may not get courseware required for the system and courseware developed so far may become useless. Many schools may find it difficult or impossible to provide this resource for students. If only limited numbers of computers are available, students may have to share them among small groups, which can undermine the potential benefits of computer learning. A very high cost is involved in the development of these packages. If the course is outdated, the resources involved in its development will be a waste. Moreover, CAL packages cannot develop manual skills such as handling an apparatus, working with a machine, etc. NIOS DLED Assignment Course-502 Full Answer In English Note: Answer the following question in about 1000 words. You do not know the mother tongue of those children. How can you organise activities that children will learn? A tribe is a group of distinct people, dependent on their land for their livelihood, who are largely self-sufficient, and not integrated into the national society. Since Independence, several efforts have been made for the overall development leading to the mainstreaming of tribal people. Still the problems of tribal people continue to be a matter of concern. Children of Scheduled Tribes often face difficulties in learning because of their social, ethnic, economic and cultural differences. Integrating local knowledge in learning teaching process: No textbook can incorporate all the local knowledge from different areas of a state or a country. We will start with local knowledge to teach each concept and link them with the textbook knowledge. After that we will teach the standard units of measurement like Kg, Km, Litre etc. Using socio-cultural components in learning-teaching process: A community has its own life style, own social values, socio-political organization and religious beliefs. They have their own food habits, dress and ornaments, agriculture and industry. They have knowledge on every aspect of life and this base knowledge need to be taken into account to facilitate learning. So we will impart further knowledge based on their cultural elements. Using folk materials in classroom learning: Every community has its folk stories, songs, riddles, drawing and painting, puzzles etc. While facilitating learning, these materials may be used in their full potentials because these materials not only facilitate for easy and meaningful acquisition of learning outcomes but also make the learning process pleasurable. Involving communities in school activities: A good teacher always uses the community resources. Community involvement in school management and classroom activities brings a positive change in the performance of children in the school. A community member can be involved to teach students local art and craft, songs and music, fables and stories, and other good practices of the community. Consider that there are few CWSN children in your classroom, as a teacher how can you take care of such children in the classroom for facilitating their learning? A group that forms a very important part of equity issue at the elementary level is the Children with Special Needs CWSN. There may be some children in the classroom with mild disabilities like loco-motor disability, visual impairment, hearing impairment, lower level of intellectual functioning and deficits in adaptive behavior. As a teacher, we have to deal with these children to improve their learning and performance along with other children in the classroom. The key points, which we should take care of impaired children during a classroom transaction, are as follows: 1 In classroom, suitable adjustments in view of the disability may be made in seating arrangements. The arrangement need to be such as not to create any physical hindrance to the child. Speech defects arising out of hearing problems can be corrected through speech training, using reinforced drill and practice. For the same reason, we may avoid moving while speaking. We should avoid mumbling and speaking too fast. NIOS DLED Assignment Course-502 Full Answer In English Good Luck For Your Exams? Its work for the distance learning community is well recognized today. It has an excellent books distribution network, with a retail distribution spreading of all over the world.
