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Hence the 1,300 communities that have lost all local coverage. In an age of fake news and divisive politics, the fate of communities across the country — and of grassroots democracy itself — is linked to the vitality of local journalism. The , composed of four full-time researchers and 10 graduate and undergraduate students, first melded data in differing formats from almost 60 national, state and regional newspaper organizations as well as from the Local Independent Online News Publishers, or. They then overlaid the result with demographic, political and economic data from government sources. A preliminary analysis in May showed that had lost all news coverage since 2004. Penelope Muse Abernathy, the Knight Chair in Journalism and Digital Media Economics at UNC who directed the year-long study, said in an interview that no work she had ever undertaken had spurred so much response as the earlier finding. Then her team used internet research and interviews to resolve conflicts and ambiguities in the data, some of which was out of date and some of which was ambiguous because different sources kept data in different ways. She said the Knight Foundation and UNC jointly funded the effort, which is the latest in a growing stream of academic efforts to understand and overcome the withering of community news coverage. It analyzed all the news stories provided to 100 randomly selected communities in the same week and discovered that only 17 percent were about the community where they were presented. Extent of the desiccation About 70 percent of the newspapers that have died since 2004 were in suburban areas of metropolitan areas that historically offered many news choices, the researchers say, but counties with no coverage at all tend to be rural. Further, the people who live in news desert communities tend to be poorer, older and less educated than the average American — often its most vulnerable citizens, the researchers say. And the database may overstate the number of surviving standalone papers. The researchers estimate that 10 to 20 percent of the papers in it are geographically zoned weekly editions published by metro dailies. Different industry databases list zoned editions in different ways, making them difficult to count accurately. As print publishing continues to wither, the researchers predict, many zoned editions will become ads-only shoppers or specialty publications, or be eliminated entirely. Ghosts stalk news deserts The credits Abernathy with coining what it calls the bleak metaphor of ghost newspapers. A larger paper buys a smaller one in a nearby community and the smaller one slowly fades away as the titles merge their coverage efforts. The researchers discovered that almost 600 once-standalone newspapers — or one third of the 1,800 papers that the country has lost — had became advertising supplements, free distribution shoppers or lifestyle specialty publications. Owners cut their news staffs so drastically that a newspaper cannot adequately cover its community. The researchers say this tends to happen at dailies and larger weeklies and estimate that 1,000 to 1,500 of the 7,100 newspapers still publishing have cut more than half of their newsroom staffs since 2004. The researchers say the ghosts include metro papers such as The Denver Post and state and regional dailies such as The Wichita Eagle; both have cut staffs and pulled back their coverage dramatically. Six hundred weeklies that evolved into advertising supplements were removed from the UNC database, but researchers kept the 1,000 to 1,500 titles with drastically reduced editorial missions that still provide some value. LION, the association of online publishers, estimates that there are 525 local digital sites across the United States, some for-profit and others nonprofit. The others cover state and regional issues or focus on single niche topics. This is not an easy path. A 2015 survey by The Los Angeles Times found that one in four online sites had failed. A 2016 Knight-sponsored analysis of 153 online sites concluded that only one in five attracted enough visitors and funding to be self-sufficient. UNC says its analysis of local news sites identified by LION revealed a similar pattern. Most online news efforts, the researchers said, are located in affluent communities where residents have multiple media options. Most online sites have launched in the last decade. But in some communities, older media are stepping up. Studies have found that regional TV newsrooms tend to focus on soft features, crime, weather and sports, and rarely report about community-level civic life. But some are much more ambitious. The UNC researchers cite , released in April, that found stations from Hawaii to Idaho to Virginia that offer robust local news reports. The researchers also quote an official of the Alliance for Community Media, which lobbies on behalf of local cable access channels, as saying there are big differences in their effectiveness from state to state and community to community. The UNC report cites effective cable access efforts in the outer boroughs of New York City and in New England. Despite these efforts, dark forces loom. The UNC report updates i, which showed that hedge funds and private equity firms own vast swaths of the newspaper landscape — and that they have essentially no interest in anything but their profit margins. What will happen when the next recession breaks? The next one could be an extinction-level event. Trust and credibility suffer when local news media are lost or diminished. We need to make sure that whatever replaces the 20th century version of local newspapers serves the same community-building functions. If we can figure out how to craft and implement sustainable news business models in our smallest, poorest markets, we can then empower journalistic entrepreneurs to revive and restore trust in media from the grassroots level up, in whatever form — print, broadcast or digital.
