Trenbolone Enanthate


SUBMITTED BY: pogue

DATE: Nov. 10, 2021, 2:11 a.m.

FORMAT: Text only

SIZE: 30.5 kB

HITS: 1074

  1. Trenbolone Enanthate (Trenbolone Base + Enanthate Ester)
  2. --------------------------------------------------------
  3. Trenbolone Enanthate is an extremely powerful anabolic steroid and is virtually interchangeable with Parabolan (Trenbolone Hexahydrobenzylcarbonate). All Trenbolone compounds carry the same, identical Trenbolone hormone. The only difference in the compounds is the ester attached, which helps to control the hormone’s releasing activity. There will not be much difference in Trenbolone Enanthate and Parabolan in this regard.
  4. The Trenbolone hormone is commonly classified as a veterinarian grade anabolic steroid. Trenbolone Acetate, although the most popular Tren compound among performance athletes is also essential to the livestock market. However, Trenbolone Enanthate does not fall into this category, not technically. Trenbolone Enanthate is strictly an underground black market anabolic steroid. The compound first appeared in 2004 under the British Dragon label Trenabol. This makes Trenbolone Enanthate the youngest of the three common Tren forms and the only one that has never been used in what we’d consider legitimate medicine. Trenbolone Acetate was actually studied in a human therapeutic capacity, however, largely rested on vet grounds. Then we have Parabolan, which is the only human grade or pharmacy grade Trenbolone hormone ever created and it enjoyed enormous success until its discontinuation in 1997.
  5. What can be said of all Trenbolone forms can be said of Trenbolone Enanthate on a functional basis. The traits of the Tren hormone are the same with all Tren compounds. However, unlike the Acetate version the individual should be able to inject the Enanthate version far less often, but still on a schedule similar to Parabolan. Unfortunately, the only Trenbolone Enanthate you will ever find will also only be on the underground black market through underground lab labels. Some of the larger suppliers carry it, most all carry the Acetate version but Enanthate based Tren can at times be a little harder to find.
  6. Trenbolone Enanthate Functions & Traits:
  7. Trenbolone Enanthate is a 19-nortestosterone (19-nor) anabolic androgenic steroid. The 19-nor label refers to a structural change of the testosterone hormone in that it lacks a carbon atom at the 19th position. This is the same classification given to the popular Nandrolone hormone that makes up the popular anabolic steroid Deca Durabolin. In fact, Trenbolone is simply a modified form of Nandrolone, which itself is simply a structurally altered form of testosterone. When we break down various steroids, it is very slight changes that give us massive differences, but the relationships in a total sense are often far more closely related than we might realize. As for the Trenbolone hormone, it is the Nandrolone hormone with an added double bond at carbons 9 and 11. This structural change slows its metabolism, greatly increases its binding affinity to the androgen receptor and inhibits it from aromatizing. While this is truly a slight modification, it truly creates a different hormone and one that is far more powerful than Nandrolone. Trenbolone Enanthate, like all Tren carries and anabolic rating of 500 and an androgenic rating of 500. More importantly, its translating activity matches its structural ratings perfectly, meaning strong and pronounced anabolic and androgenic effects will be displayed.
  8. Beyond the structural nature of Trenbolone, Trenbolone Enanthate carries the Enanthate (enanthoic acid) ester. The ester does not affect the Trenbolone hormone. This version will not create a more or less powerful Tren compound or change any of the traits of the hormone. It will, however, affect the hormone’s release time post injection, which will be much slower than the Acetate version. It will carry a longer half-life similar to Testosterone Enanthate. The Enanthate ester attached will also affect the compounds concentrated potency. On a milligram for milligram basis, Trenbolone Acetate is stronger than Trenbolone Enanthate due to the Enanthate ester taking up more mass in the compound. With the Acetate version, the Acetate ester is small, therefore takes up less mass in the total compound. However, total dosing can be adjusted with either form, which will enable you to receive the same amount of active Trenbolone with any form you choose. The following chart will breakdown the potency and milligram for milligram discrepancies:
  9. Form
  10. Dosing
  11. Active Trenbolone
  12. Trenbolone Acetate
  13. 100mg
  14. 87mg per 100mg
  15. Trenbolone Enanthate
  16. 100mg
  17. 72mg per 100mg
  18. Parabolan
  19. *76.5mg
  20. 50mg per 76.5mg
  21. Parabolan is always found in 76,5mg/ml form, whereas the Acetate version is normally found at 50-100mg/ml and the Enanthate version 100-200mg/ml.
  22. Trenbolone Enanthate carries with it several primary anabolic steroidal traits that make it one of the most versatile and powerful anabolic steroids of all time. Many of the traits are very similar to numerous anabolic steroids. However, the Trenbolone hormone simply carries them at a rate of power far beyond and above most others. When we consider this rate of power alongside its lacking of aromatase activity, which we will go over in the side effects section, this makes it an even more valuable hormone. All in all, Trenbolone Enanthate carries seven primary functional traits that are worthy of mention and largely define the hormone’s mode of action. The traits include the following:
  23. [1] Enhanced Protein Synthesis:
  24. Protein is the primary building block of muscle. It is not the only important factor but it is primary. Protein synthesis refers to the rate by which cells build proteins and as synthesis is increased more is available for work and production. This increases the body’s anabolic atmosphere, and also greatly improves the overall rate of recovery, which is essential to total progress. This is not only important during periods of growth, but essential to periods of weight loss in a preservation capacity. We will find all the primary functional traits of Trenbolone Enanthate to be equally important and valuable in bulking and cutting phases.
  25. [2] Enhanced Nitrogen Retention:
  26. All lean muscle tissue is comprised of approximately 16% nitrogen. As nitrogen levels fall, this can lead to a catabolic (muscle wasting) state. The more nitrogen we retain the more anabolic we remain. Again, the anabolic atmosphere is enhanced, recovery is improved and progress enjoyed.
  27. [3] Increased Red Blood Cell Count:
  28. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen to and through the blood. As red blood cell count increases, this increases blood oxygenation levels. With greater blood oxygenation, this greatly improves muscular endurance. It will also promote more efficient muscular recovery and even play a role in a direct conditioning sense of a visual nature.
  29. [4] Increased IGF-1 Output:
  30. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) is a powerful protein hormone of the peptide class that is primarily produced by the liver. The hormone plays an integral role with Human Growth Hormone (HGH) in a regulation sense and is extremely anabolic. It is also essential to recovery and our body’s ability to rejuvenate. So important, IGF-1 actually affects nearly every cell in the human body from muscle tissue, ligaments and tendons, cartilage, bone, the central nervous system and even affects our lungs to a degree.
  31. [5] Inhibition of Glucocorticoids:
  32. Glucocorticoid hormones are essential to our health but only in minimal levels. These are muscle wasting and fat promoting hormones and while important to our immune system can bring havoc to the body when found in abundance. Hard training, and even more so when coupled with hard dieting can greatly increase in amount, cortisol being primary and the most well know. Trenbolone Enanthate will ensure levels are kept to a minimum state, in turn ensuring the powerful anabolic atmosphere is maintained.
  33. [6] Strong Binding Affinity to the Androgen Receptor:
  34. Most all anabolic androgenic steroids will promote a stronger and more powerful metabolism. However, steroids that bind firmly to the androgen receptor have been linked to the promotion of direct lipolysis (fat loss). Trenbolone Enanthate can actually help you directly burn body fat. As we will later see, this is actually very beneficial during off-season periods of growth, as well as periods of cutting.
  35. [7] Increased Feed Efficiency:
  36. The above six functional traits of Trenbolone Enanthate are enough to make this a very powerful and beneficial anabolic steroid. However, its ability to increase or enhance feed efficiency, often referred to as nutrient efficiency is what truly makes the Trenbolone hormone the greatest anabolic steroid of all time. By supplementing with Trenbolone Enanthate, each and every nutrient we consume becomes more valuable. We are now able to make better use of every last gram of fat, protein and carbohydrates we consume. Without a hormone like Tren, the body can only utilize each nutrient to a certain degree. This will vary depending on the precise food in question, but each nutrient will never be utilized fully. With Tren, the utilization is enhanced, the same total caloric intake becomes more valuable and more progress is made. This is the very reason Trenbolone is given to livestock before slaughter. In this case, it will be Trenbolone Acetate and actually in the form of subcutaneous implant pellets known as Finaplix.
  37. Effects of Trenbolone Enanthate:
  38. From looking at the functional traits of Trenbolone Enanthate, it’s not too hard to see how valuable this hormone can be. Further, you should already have a good idea of the effects that can be enjoyed. However, we want to look at the effects of Trenbolone Enanthate in a more realistic way. Specifically, we want to explain what you can expect due to supplementation. We cannot pinpoint every last effect to the full possible degree. This will vary from one man to the next and can be dependent on numerous factors, but the following will give you a very good idea of what can be obtained.
  39. The Trenbolone hormone is well known for being the greatest anabolic steroid for cutting purposes, and that’s a hard point to argue against. However, compounds like Trenbolone Enanthate are also tremendously beneficial during periods of off-season growth. This anabolic steroid has the ability to promote true lean tissue growth at a rate far above and beyond most anabolic steroids. More importantly, it will do so in a cleaner way than most steroids. Many steroids associated with off-season bulking often promote large amounts of water retention, but this is impossible with Tren. Each and every pound of weight gained due to the use of this hormone will be pure lean muscle mass. Of equal importance, the individual will find he gains less body fat during his off-season phase due to this steroid’s tremendous metabolic enhancement and fat burning properties.
  40. When considering off-season use of Trenbolone Enanthate, there is something we must keep in mind. Use will help the individual control his body fat, but this does not mean body fat is impossible to gain. You must consume a level of calories above maintenance to truly grow. Thankfully, with Tren you will make better use of each calorie and the metabolic factors will also provide fat gain protection. However, there will still be a cutoff point. The use of Tren in the off-season is not a license to eat like there’s no end in site. You can still gain plenty of body fat if you don’t exercise self-control.
  41. Then we have the cutting phase, and we can say with confidence there is no anabolic steroid on earth more valuable to this phase than Trenbolone. Trenbolone Enanthate, as should be obvious will help you burn fat at a more powerful and far more efficient rate. That alone is a benefit but it is far from the primary one. There is no anabolic steroid that will preserve lean mass like Tren and that is one of the two key goals during a diet. In order to lose body fat, we must burn more calories than we consume. This can put our lean tissue at risk and the body will begin to feed on it in order to meet its energy demands. It will often feed on it before body fat as part of its survival instinct, especially once our body fat levels become low. If we’re losing weight, but also losing muscle tissue this is not successful dieting. The goal is to lose body fat while maintaining as much muscle tissue as we can. Trenbolone Enanthate will provide this protection and ensure we burn only body fat and not our hard earned muscle tissue. The hormone will also promote strong conditioning effects. Hardness, increased vascularity and overall greater definition are all common with Tren. In fact, you can take any two steroids on earth and combine them and not receive the conditioning effects provided at the rate of power of Tren.
  42. All who supplement with Trenbolone Enanthate will find their muscular endurance is greatly enhanced. Bulking or cutting this will occur, as will a dramatic improvement in recovery. This all leads to greater progress and a more efficient body in a physical functioning capacity. However, some have reported issues of decreased cardiovascular endurance when using Tren, and this will keep some athletes from using it. However, it is not a guaranteed effect by any means. Many will be able to use the hormone without any negative effect on cardiovascular endurance. It appears to be very individually based. All who use Trenbolone Enanthate, especially in the off-season should also find their strength greatly increases. Even at maintenance calorie levels strength increases should be significant. During a calorie deficit, especially when the individual becomes very lean, an increase in strength should not be expected. However, the use of Tren should ensure you maintain far more strength than you would otherwise.
  43. Side Effects of Trenbolone Enanthate:
  44. Trenbolone Enanthate is not what we’d call the most side effect friendly anabolic steroid of all time. There are many possible side effects of Trenbolone Enanthate use, but possible is the key word. The side effects of Trenbolone Enanthate with one exception are not guaranteed. Many of the possible side effects are very similar to many other anabolic steroids and most should find they are very easy to control. However, there are certain response side effects of Trenbolone Enanthate that will keep many from being able to use this hormone. There will be more who cannot use the Trenbolone hormone perhaps more so than any anabolic steroid. However, the majority of men should still tolerate the hormone well despite a stronger number not being able to use it compared to most steroids. In order to help you understand the possible side effects of Trenbolone Enanthate, we have broken them down into their separate categories along with all the information you’ll need.
  45. [1] Estrogenic:
  46. Trenbolone Enanthate is not estrogenic in that it does not aromatize. There is no testosterone to estrogen conversion with this hormone making water retention impossible due to use. However, the hormone does carry a strong progestin nature, which can make gynecomastia a concern, especially in sensitive individuals. When combined with the use of an aromatizing steroid, this appears to increase the risk. Progesterone has the ability to stimulate the estrogenic mechanism in the mammary tissue, which in turn can promote gynecomastia. In order to combat this issue, some men will need an anti-estrogen.
  47. When it comes to Tren produced gynecomastia, there has been a prevailing myth that has been passed around message boards for years. The myth simply states that it’s the possible prolactin buildup caused by Trenbolone that leads to gynecomastia, but this simply isn’t true. William Llewellyn has largely dispelled this myth showing the intrinsic relationship between estrogen and progesterone imbalances and their effects on the mammary tissue. In his Anabolics series, you will find he goes into great detail explaining this issue.
  48. [2] Androgenic:
  49. Trenbolone Enanthate is highly androgenic, which can lead to acne, accelerated hair loss in those predisposed to male pattern baldness and body hair growth. The androgenic side effects of Trenbolone are, however, highly dependent on genetic predispositions. If you are not predisposed to male pattern baldness, losing any hair will be impossible. If you are not normally acne sensitive, the odds of any related problem during use is unlikely.
  50. Those who are sensitive to the androgenic side effects of Trenbolone Enanthate will often attempt to combat them with a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor. This is very common and is also a waste of time. Such inhibitors, Finasteride being primary, are commonly used to reduce the androgenicity of a steroid that is brought on by a reduction of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This is all caused by the hormone being metabolized by the 5-alpha reductase enzyme, but Trenbolone is not metabolized by this enzyme. As a result, the use of any related inhibitor will have very little to no affect on the hormone’s androgenicity.
  51. [3] Cardiovascular:
  52. The possible cardiovascular side effects of Trenbolone Enanthate are by far the most concerning. In the present moment of use many are often far more concerned with gynecomastia, but this is merely a visual issue. Cardiovascular issues can directly and negatively affect your health. The primary area of concern will surround cholesterol. Tren can increased LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) levels and suppress/reduce HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol) levels. This cholesterol strain should not be as strong as many oral steroids, but potentially more severe than most injectable steroids.
  53. In order to control your cholesterol, living a healthy lifestyle is imperative. A healthy lifestyle should include a cholesterol friendly diet that is low in saturated fats and simple sugars and abundant in omega fatty acids. Supplementing daily with large amounts of fish oils is normally advised. The individual should also ensure he implements plenty of cardiovascular activity on a regular basis and this includes off-season periods of growth. Do not buy into the idea that cardio is damaging to your off-season gains. You do not have to implement contest style cardio programs during your off-season but a regular amount for your health is recommended. This will, however, actually help you with off-season growth. It will keep your metabolism even stronger, minimize off-season fat gain and lead to a better physique. If you already have high cholesterol or cannot maintain a healthy cholesterol level during use you should not use this anabolic steroid.
  54. Trenbolone Enanthate can also have a negative impact on blood pressure. The odds are in most men’s favor, especially since water retention, a primary promoter of high blood pressure is impossible with this steroid. However, high blood pressure is possible and you should keep an eye on it. Most healthy adult men will be fine if they live a healthy lifestyle.
  55. [4] Testosterone:
  56. All anabolic steroids will suppress natural testosterone production; however, the rate of suppression varies greatly from one steroid to the next. In the case of Trenbolone Enanthate, suppression will be dramatic and will not be affected by genetics. Due to the powerful rate of suppression all men who supplement with Trenbolone are strongly encouraged to include exogenous testosterone into their plan. Those who do not include exogenous testosterone will fall into a low testosterone state. Low testosterone comes with numerous possible symptoms. Sexually related symptoms are the most common, such as erectile dysfunction and suppressed libido, but they are far from the only ones. It is actually possible to suffer from low testosterone without sexually related symptoms and while the symptoms are not directly life threatening the condition is extremely unhealthy. The form of testosterone you choose is inconsequential. All that matters is you provide your body with this essential hormone.
  57. Once the use of all anabolic steroids comes to an end natural testosterone production will begin again on its own. However, you will be at a low testosterone level for quite sometime. This can begin to produce low testosterone symptoms, which can include a loss of muscle mass and strength. It is very easy for cortisol to become dominant during this phase. For this reason, most men are encouraged to implement a Post Cycle Therapy (PCT) plan if they are going to be off-cycle for any decent length of time.
  58. A PCT plan will stimulate natural testosterone production and greatly reduce the total recovery time. There is, however, no PCT plan on earth that will get you back to normal on its own, this will still take time. However, such a plan will ensure you have enough testosterone for proper bodily function while your levels continue to naturally rise.
  59. Important notes on natural testosterone recovery; natural recovery assumes no prior low testosterone condition existed. It also assumes there was no severe damage done to the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular-Axis (HPTA) due to the improper use of anabolic steroids.
  60. [5] Hepatotoxicity:
  61. Trenbolone Enanthate is not what we’d traditionally consider a hepatotoxic anabolic steroid. However, there does appear to be a level of toxicity associated with extremely high doses, but such doses are extremely high and far beyond what even most hardcore bodybuilders would attempt. The average Trenbolone user should not experience any hepatic stress or damage.
  62. [6] Response:
  63. There are four possible side effects of Trenbolone Enanthate that are 100% based on individual response and the subject of numerous myths surrounding the hormone. The effects have become such a topic of debate on many message boards that some believe if you don’t experience them your Tren must be no good. Not only is this ridiculous but it’s a borderline insane way of thinking. Successful use of any anabolic steroid not only refers to progress made but progress made without side effects or issues of concern. However, it will be the response based side effects of Trenbolone Enanthate that will keep some men from being able to use this hormone. In some cases, lowering the dose can fix the problem, but many who suffer will find that such effects occur even at low doses. The response effects include anxiety, insomnia, night sweats and rapid heart rate. They can also be so strong that they become unbearable. If a low dose of Tren causes such effects in you the hormone is probably not for you. If such effects occur, the best course of action is to discontinue use and try again later on at a lower dose. If problems still occur, this hormone is in no way for you. That may seem unfair but it’s life. Everyone has varying reactions to various hormones, medicines and even foods.
  64. Because of the possible response side effects of Trenbolone, Trenbolone Enanthate is not recommended for first time users. Your first go with the hormone should always be Trenbolone Acetate, which most will prefer anyway. However, if you choose the Enanthate version your first time, run into problems and discontinue use you will still have to wait every bit of three weeks or more for the effects to dissipate. If you choose the Acetate version and run into problems, you can discontinue use and see them fade in a few days.
  65. Trenbolone Enanthate Administration:
  66. Trenbolone Enanthate is normally best taken in two even doses per week for a single total weekly dosing. Common Trenbolone Enanthate doses will fall in the 200-400mg per week range, which would equate to two injections per week at 100-200mg per injection. This will provide notable results in most any man. Can more be used? Absolutely, if you’re a good responder more can be considered but each increase will increase the risks associated with use. Doses that get close or even slightly surpass 800mg per week are not uncommon, especially in bodybuilding circles and the benefits can be unreal but keep in mind the positive negative effects and always keep an eye on your health.
  67. As for stacking, Trenbolone Enanthate stacks well with any and all anabolic steroids. It is not only versatile in the basis of periods of use but truly all aspects of anabolic steroid use. In the off-season, many will find a stack of Tren and testosterone to be very beneficial with the possible addition of Anadrol or Dianabol. Many may also find the use of Nandrolone in an overlapping plan with their Tren to be very beneficial, but such use is normally only advised for advanced long term cycles. During the cutting phase, Tren and testosterone can again be beneficial. Testosterone doses are often lower during this period of use but not always. It really revolves around the total plan and diet. Other welcomed additions could include Masteron, Winstrol, Anavar and Primobolan Depot.
  68. Availability of Trenbolone Enanthate:
  69. Trenbolone Enanthate is not as commonly available as Trenbolone Acetate. Many suppliers do not carry the Enanthate version, while almost all carry the Acetate version. Many have also begun to carry their own Hexahydrobenzylcarbonate versions but still possibly not the Enanthate version. You should not have an very difficult time finding this version if you want it but also keep in mind the original British Dragon version no longer exist as the company has been out of business for some time. There are several new labs that carry the old British Dragon name but they are not the original British Dragon. Interestingly enough Diamond Pharmaceuticals now produces Trenbolone Enanthate using the old British Dragon Trenabol name.
  70. Along with being a bit less common than Trenbolone Acetate, Trenbolone Enanthate is normally a little more expensive than the Acetate version but generally cheaper than Parabolan like mixtures. Either way, it should be fairly affordable. However, as it’s only available through underground labs, it is imperative you research the supplier and brand in question heavily before making a purchase. There are some fantastic underground labs out there, but they are highly outnumbered by the trash.
  71. Buy Trenbolone Enanthate Online - Warning:
  72. If you decide to buy Trenbolone Enanthate online you will find it is a very simple purchase to make. You will also find this is the only way most of you will be able to get it. Most local gym suppliers do not carry it. Some do but most only carry the Acetate version and cannot compete with the large internet based suppliers. If they do carry the Enanthate version a gym supplier’s price will almost always be significantly higher than an online supply shop. Most gym suppliers are simply buying their products from larger online suppliers to begin with.
  73. While you can easily and affordably buy Trenbolone Enanthate online, there are risks associated with the purchase. You always risk being scammed out of your money, buying an under-dosed or mislabeled product or worse one that’s full of bacteria. Again, this makes lab and supplier research imperative and such research should go well beyond simply asking various members of message boards. That’s not enough. Then there’s the big risk surrounding legality. In the United States anabolic androgenic steroids are classified as Schedule III controlled substances by way of the Steroid Control Act of 1990. The act would be enhanced years later by the Steroid Control Act of 2004. Due to this legislation, you can only purchase and possess anabolic steroids in the U.S. with a prescription. The prescription must also be granted on the basis of medical need and not only medical need but need deemed justified by the U.S. government, not your doctor. Those who violate this law are subject to heavy fines and possible prison time and prison time is not a rare punishment by any means.
  74. The steroid laws of the United States are as strict as they can possibly be and while many countries share similar laws many are far more lenient. For this reason, it is imperative you understand the law as it pertains to where you live before you make any type of steroid purchase. However, you will also find that most countries are not fond of online steroid purchasing even if they carry overall lenient laws on the topic. For this reason, if you are looking for high quality anabolics you are encouraged to visit the sponsors here at Steroid.com. The sponsors here at Steroid.com can provide high quality anabolics without a prescription at an affordable rate. More importantly, they can do so legally. You will not be at any legal risk.
  75. Trenbolone Enanthate Reviews:
  76. Trenbolone Enanthate is one of the greatest anabolic steroids of all time. In fact, there are only two anabolic steroids we would place above it, Trenbolone Acetate and Parabolan. Trenbolone Acetate is the king of Tren hormones. It is easier to maintain peaked and stable blood levels with this version, is more affordable and high in supply. Parabolan, while very similar to the Enanthate version is carried by several very reputable UGL’s around the world and often carries a name similar to Parabolan or Tren Hex. The Enanthate version, while a great steroid is also manufactured by some of the worst labs on earth making a poor purchase a greater risk.
  77. It does not matter if you’re bulking or cutting, Trenbolone Enanthate is perfect for either phase. The ester does not affect when you need to use a particular version of a steroid; that’s merely another myth perpetuated by many message boards. If you do find a quality supplier you know you can trust and you’d like to give this steroid a try, while we cannot encourage illegal use of the hormone, such as for those living in the United States, if you are under the safety of the law you will not be disappointed in this steroid.
  78. Trenbolone Enanthate Profile
  79. (Trenbolone Base + Enanthate Ester)
  80. [17beta-Hydroxyestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one]
  81. Formula (base): C18 H22 O2
  82. Formula (ester): C7 H12 O
  83. Molecular Weight (base): 270.3706
  84. Molecular Weight (ester): 130.1864
  85. Melting Point (base): 183-186C
  86. Manufacturer: (original) British Dragon
  87. Effective Dose (Men): 200-600mgs/wk
  88. Effective Dose (Women): Not recommended
  89. Active life: 8 days
  90. Detection Time: 5 months
  91. Anabolic/Androgenic ratio: 500/500

comments powered by Disqus