Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. Its hardware products include the iPhone smartphone, the iPad tablet computer, the Mac personal computer, the iPod portable media player, and the Apple Watch smartwatch. Apple's consumer software includes the OS X and iOS operating systems, the iTunes media player, the Safari web browser, and the iLife and iWork creativity and productivity suites. Its online services include the iTunes Store, the iOS App Store and Mac App Store, and iCloud.
Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne on April 1, 1976, to develop and sell personal computers.[5] It was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. on January 3, 1977, and was renamed as Apple Inc. on January 9, 2007, to reflect its shifted focus toward consumer electronics. Apple (NASDAQ: AAPL) joined the Dow Jones Industrial Average on March 19, 2015.[6]
Apple is the world's largest information technology company by revenue, the world's largest technology company by total assets,[7] and the world's second-largest mobile phone manufacturer.[8] On November 25, 2014, in addition to being the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization, Apple became the first U.S. company to be valued at over US$700 billion.[9] The company employs 115,000 permanent full-time employees as of July 2015[4] and maintains 453 retail stores in sixteen countries as of March 2015;[1] it operates the online Apple Store and iTunes Store, the latter of which is the world's largest music retailer.
Apple's worldwide annual revenue totaled $233 billion for the fiscal year ending in September 2015.[3] The company enjoys a high level of brand loyalty and, according to the 2014 edition of the Interbrand Best Global Brands report, is the world's most valuable brand with a valuation of $118.9 billion.[10] By the end of 2014, the corporation continued to receive significant criticism regarding the labor practices of its contractors and its environmental and business practices, including the origins of source materials.
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 1976–84: Founding and incorporation
1.2 1984–91: Success with Macintosh
1.3 1991–97: Decline, restructuring, acquisitions
1.4 1997–2007: Return to profitability
1.5 2007–11: Success with mobile devices
1.6 2011–present: Post-Jobs era
2 Products
2.1 Mac
2.2 iPod
2.3 iPhone
2.4 iPad
2.5 Apple Watch
2.6 Apple TV
2.7 Software
2.8 Electric vehicles
3 Corporate identity
3.1 Logo
3.2 Advertising
3.3 Brand loyalty
3.4 Home page
3.5 Headquarters
3.6 Stores
4 Corporate affairs
4.1 Corporate culture
4.2 Customer service
4.3 Manufacturing
4.3.1 Labor practices
4.3.1.1 Employee lawsuits at California retail stores
4.3.1.2 No cold calling agreements in the United States
4.3.2 Environmental practices
4.3.2.1 Energy
4.3.2.2 Toxins
4.4 Finance
4.4.1 Tax practices
4.5 Litigation
4.6 Charitable causes
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History
Main article: History of Apple Inc.
1976–84: Founding and incorporation
Home of Paul and Clara Jobs, on Crist Drive in Los Altos, California.
Home of Paul and Clara Jobs, on Crist Drive in Los Altos, California. Steve Jobs formed Apple Computer in its garage with Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne in 1976.
The Apple I, Apple's first product, was sold as an assembled circuit board and lacked basic features such as a keyboard, monitor, and case. The owner of this unit added a keyboard and a wooden case.
Apple was established on April 1, 1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne[11][12] to sell the Apple I personal computer kit. The Apple I kits were computers single handedly designed and hand-built by Wozniak[13][14] and first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club.[15] The Apple I was sold as a motherboard (with CPU, RAM, and basic textual-video chips), which was less than what is now considered a complete personal computer.[16] The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 and was market-priced at $666.66 ($2,772 in 2016 dollars, adjusted for inflation).[17][18][19][20][21][22]
Apple was incorporated January 3, 1977,[23] without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800.[12] Multimillionaire Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple.[24][25] During the first five years of operations revenues grew exponentially, doubling about every four months. Between September 1977 and September 1980 yearly sales grew from $775,000 to $118m, an average annual growth rate of 533%.[26]
The Apple II, also invented by Wozniak, was introduced on April 16, 1977, at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It differed from its major rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because of its character cell-based color graphics and open architecture. While early Apple II models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, they were superseded by the introduction of a 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive and interface called the Disk II.[27] The Apple II was chosen to be the desktop platform for the first "killer app" of the business world: VisiCalc, a spreadsheet program.[28] VisiCalc created a business market for the Apple II and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II: compatibility with the office.[28] Before VisiCalc, Apple had been a distant third place competitor to Commodore and Tandy.[29][30]
By the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a production line. The company introduced the Apple III in May 1980 in an attempt to compete with IBM and Microsoft in the business and corporate computing market.[31] Jobs and several Apple employees, including Jef Raskin, visited Xerox PARC in December 1979 to see the Xerox Alto. Xerox granted Apple engineers three days of access to the PARC facilities in return for the option to buy 100,000 shares (800,000 split-adjusted shares) of Apple at the pre-IPO price of $10 a share.[32]
Jobs was immediately convinced that all future computers would use a graphical user interface (GUI), and development of a GUI began for the Apple Lisa.[33] In 1982, however, he was pushed from the Lisa team due to infighting. Jobs took over Jef Raskin's low-cost-computer project, the Macintosh. A race broke out between the Lisa team and the Macintosh team over which product would ship first. Lisa won the race in 1983 and became the first personal computer sold to the public with a GUI, but was a commercial failure due to its high price tag and limited software titles.[34]
On December 12, 1980, Apple went public at $22 per share,[35] generating more capital than any IPO since Ford Motor Company in 1956 and instantly creating more millionaires (about 300) than any company in history.[36]
