This article is about the country in Europe. For other uses, see and. It borders to the north; and the disputed territory of to the east; to the south and to the west. Montenegro has an area of 13,812 square kilometres and a population of 640,000, most of whom are. Its capital is one of the twenty-three municipalities in the country. In the 9th century, three were located on the territory of modern-day Montenegro: , roughly corresponding to the southern half; , the west; and , the north. In 1042, led a revolt that resulted in the independence of Duklja from the and the establishment of the. The independent emerged in the 14th and 15th centuries, ruled by the between 1356 and 1421, and by the between 1431 and 1498, when the name Montenegro started being used for the country. After falling under , Montenegro regained de facto independence in 1697 under the rule of the , first under the theocratic rule of , before being transformed into a secular in 1852. Montenegro's independence was recognised by the at the in 1878, following the. In 1905, the country became a. After , it became part of. Following the , the republics of and together established a known as the , which was renamed in 2003. On the basis of an held in May 2006, Montenegro declared independence and the federation peacefully dissolved on 3 June of that year. Since 1990, Montenegro has been governed by the and its minor coalition partners. Classified by the as an upper middle-income country, Montenegro is a member of the , , the , the , the and the. It is a founding member of the. The native name Crna Gora came to denote the majority of contemporary Montenegro only in the 15th century. Originally, it had referred to only a small strip of land under the rule of the , but the name eventually came to be used for the wider mountainous region after the took power in. The aforementioned region became known as Stara Crna Gora '' by the 19th century to distinguish the independent region from the neighbouring Ottoman-occupied Montenegrin territory of Brda ' The Highlands'. Montenegro further increased its size several times by the 20th century, as the result of wars against the , which saw the annexation of and parts of and southern. Its borders have changed little since then, losing and gaining the. After the second session of the during , the modern state of Montenegro was founded as the Federal State of Montenegro : Савезна држава Црне Горе Savezna država Crne Gore on 15 November 1943 within the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia by the. After DF Yugoslavia became the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, the Federal State of Montenegro was renamed to the : Народна Република Црна Гора Narodna Republika Crna Gora on 29 November 1945. In 1963, the FPRY was renamed to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and coincidentally, the People's Republic of Montenegro was renamed to the Socialist Republic of Montenegro : Социјалистичка Република Црна Гора Socijalistička Republika Crna Gora. Since 22 October 2007, a year after its independence, the name of the country became simply known as Montenegro. The code for Montenegro is ME and the is MNE. Duklja gained its independence from the Byzantine Roman Empire in 1042. Over the next few decades, it expanded its territory to neighbouring Rascia and Bosnia, and also became recognised as a kingdom. Its power started declining at the beginning of the 12th century. After King Bodin's death in 1101 or 1108 , several civil wars ensued. Duklja reached its zenith under Vojislav's son, 1046—81 , and his grandson 1081—1101. By the 13th century, Zeta had replaced Duklja when referring to the realm. In the late 14th century, southern Montenegro came under the rule of the , then the , and by the 15th century, Zeta was more often referred to as Crna Gora : monte negro. As the nobility fought for the throne, the kingdom was weakened, and by 1186, it was conquered by and incorporated into the as a province named Zeta. After the collapsed in the second half of the 14th century, the most powerful Zetan family, the , became sovereigns of Zeta. In 1421, Zeta was annexed to the , but after 1455, another noble family from Zeta, the , became sovereign rulers of the country, making it the last free monarchy of the Balkans before it fell to the in 1496, and got annexed to the of. During the reign of Crnojevićs, Zeta became known under its current name — Montenegro. For a short time, Montenegro existed as a separate autonomous sanjak in 1514—1528. Also, region was part of. Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro and fights against the Ottomans Montenegrin refugees during Montenegrin—Turkish war Large portions fell under the control of the from 1496 to 1878. In the 16th century, Montenegro
