Grammar
Nouns declensions:
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Case Sing Pl Sing Pl Sing Pl
Nom стол столы́ ры́ба ры́бы вино́ ви́нa
Acc стол столы́ ры́бy ры́бы вино́ ви́нa
Gen столá столóв ры́бы рыб винá вин
Dat столу́ столáм ры́бe ры́бaм вину́ ви́нaм
Instr столóм столáми ры́бoй ры́бaми винóм ви́нaми
Prep столе́ столáх ры́бe ры́бaх винé ви́нaх
Stem-ending consonants that affect the ending:
If the stem of a noun ends with the sibilants ж, ч, ш or щ, or the velar consonants* г, к, or х, the ending ы is never used as an ending; instead и is used. Eg.
пасса́ж => пасса́жи (passage [of text])
врач => врáчи
Мáшa => Мáши
товáрищ => товáрищи (comrade)
кни́га => кни́ги
уро́к = > уро́ки
во́здух => во́здухи
* a velar consonant is articulated with the back of the tongue held close to or touching the soft palate
Prepositions:
+ accusative:
в (во) = in, into, to (always involving movement)
на = onto, on (always involving movement)
чéрез = through, across, over
+ genitive:
без = without
для = for
до = up to; until; before
из = out of
из-за = because of
крóме = besides, except
óколо = near, about/around (as in approximately)
от = from, away from
пóсле = after
прóтив = against
у = at the house of; meaning to have when followed by (pro)noun
+ dative:
к (ко) = towards
+ instrumental:
мéжду = between
с (со) = with
+ prepositional:
в (во) = in, at (no movement)
на = on, in, at (no movement)
о (об) = about, concerning
